sistem sirkulasi jantung

skeletal system

effective communication

To communicate effectively, supervisor need to determine their audience specifically they need to be able to answer the following qustions

1.   What does the audience already know ?
2.  What does it want to know ?
3.  What it’s capacity for absorbing informations ?
4.  What does it hope to gain by listening ?is it hoping to motivated ? informed ?convinced ?
5.   Is the audience friendly or hostile ?

Communication as a supervisory skill

Communication as a supervisory skill

1. Supervisor must give directions to the people who work for them, superviosrs who fail to give clear guidance often find that employees perform their job poorly because they do not understand what is expected of them
2. Supervisor must be able to motive people, good supervisor use their ability to communicate to get the other people excited about their jobs
3. Supervisors must be able to absorps the ideas of others, supervisor interact with many people, including co workers, customers, and suppliers. To be effectively they must be able to understand and accept other peoples viewpoints
4.  Supervisors must be able to persuade other people, supervisor often have idea that other oppose. To persuade other people to accept thei ideas, supervisors must be able to communicate effectively

how to make a decision for a supervisor

The following steps, based on on the scientific method are recommended for making decisions

1.    Be alert to indications and symptoms of problems, is an integral part of recognizing the need to make a decisions. All too often supervisors tend to brush off or ignore indicators and symptoms of problems. Supervisors should constantly be cognizant of any changes that might be indicates a potensial problem. 

2.    Tentatively define the problem

3.    Collect fact and redefine the problem if necessary

4.    Identify possible alternatives

5.   Gather and recognize fact concerning  identified alternatives

6.    Evaluate possible alternatives

7.    Choose and implement the best alternative

8.    Follow up

Five characteristic are important key to supervisory success

1. Ability and willingness to delegate, most supervisors  are promotive jobs and have been accustomed to doing the work themselves. An often difficult and yet essential, skill that such supervision must develop is the ability or willingness to delegate work to others
2.  Proper use of authority, some supervisor let their newly acquired authority alone doesn’t get the support  and cooperation of employees. Learning when not to use authority is often important as learning when to use it
3.  Setting a good examples. Supt ervisor must always remember that the work group look to them to set up examples. Employees expect fair and equitable treatment for their supervisor. Too many supervisors play favorites and treat employees inconsistenly .government legislation has attempt to reduce this practice in some areas, but the problem is still common
4.   Recognizing the change in rule, peoplewho have been prompted into supervision must recognize that their role has changed and they are no longer one of the gang. They must remember must that being a supervisor may require unpopular decision. Supervisor are connecting link between the other level of management and the operative employee and must learn to represent both gang.
5.  Desire for the job, many people who have no desire to be supervisor are promoted into supervision merely because of their technical skill. Regardless of one technical skill, the desire to be a supervisor is necessary for success in supervision. That desire encourage a person to develp the other type of skills necessary in supervision – human relation, administrative, and decision making skills

seni melakukan kritik yang membangun

1. critize in privat, kritikan dilakukan ditempat private bukan di muka umu hal ini dilakukan untuk menjaga perasaan orang yang dikritik. bila seorang kepala sekolah ingin menegur bawahannya, maka sebaiknya bawahannya dipanggil ke kantor kepala sekolah untuk dibicarakan empat mata poin poin yang dianggap masih lemah dari diri sang bawahan. hindari melalkukan kritik terhadap bawahan di muka umum atau tempat terbuka karena hanya akan menjatuhkan harga diri atau kepercayaan si bawahan dan menurunkan atau bahkan mengilangkan respek sang bawahan kepada si kepala sekolah
2. begin with mild critism, kritik atau teguran kepada bawahan harus dimulai dengan lembut atau halus dan tidak dilakukan dengan cara kasar dan terbuka. bila memang tidak terjadi perubahan perilaku yang positif teguran bisa ditingkatkan intensitasnya namun tetap tidak menggunakan cara dan bahasa yang kasar karena hanya akan menimbulkan masalah baru saja.
3. base the critisism on objective fact, dalam melakukan teguran seorang atasan harus menggunakan fakta fakta yang bersifat objektif bukan melalui penilaian yang subjektif karena sering kali penilaian subjektif ternyata tidak sesuai dengan fakta
4. express your critisism in term of a common goal, kritik atau teguran kepada bawahan atau rekan sejawat diusahakan di bingkai dalam upaya pencapaian tujuan bersama. hindari kata kata yang bersifat ofensif atau menyalahkan orang tersebut. gunakan konteks kerjasama dalam usaha menyelesaikan tugas contoh ,"tugas kita akan cepat selesai jika laporan data statistik yang kamu buat di gabung dengan laporan data yang sedang aku kerjakan," ....daripada menggunakan kata kata ofensif seperti, " kalo data statistik kamu belum beres maka tugas kita gak akan beres padahal data aku sudah saya kerjakan 2 hari yang lalu,".
5. avoid playing boss, kebanyakan pegawai selalu mengingat gesture gaya bahasa tubuh atau kata kata siboss ketika mengkritik dari pada isi dan konten kritikan si boss. hindari gerak tubuh dan gesture muka seperti boss "BOSSY" agar pesan dapat ditangkap dengan jelas oleh bawahan tanpa ada perasaan resistens terlebih dahulu melihat gaya dan akta-kata pimpinan yang kurang baik.
6. when criticizing your boss, relate ot to your work performance, jika suatu ketika kita terpaksa melakukan kritik terhadap pimpinan kita usahakan kritik yang kita lontarkan dengan menggunakan bahasa yang sopan serta jangan lupa kritik tersebut di lontarkan berkaitan dengan performa kerja kita  dan kita juga jangan lupa ketika melakukan kritik terhadap pimpinan (apalagi jika pemimpin kita adalaha orang yang sangat tidak kooperatif) jangan lupa mengatakan, ," walaupun aturan yang dibuat oleh pimpinan baik tetapi kebijakan tersebut dapat mengganggu kinerja para bawahan seperti saya,".